The 13C labeling experiments were performed using 13C labeled sodium bicarbonate (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, 99% 13C, CLM-441), and 12C-NaHCO3 was added as a control. Therefore, the cellular robustness of the recombinant cell factories to maintain stable growth and metabolism in long-term cultivation is the main factor for the control of glucose production. It is the only biological process that captures energy from outer space (sunlight) and converts it into chemical energy in the form of G3P ( ", Biologydictionary.net Editors. The overall reaction for the light-dependent reactions is: In the dark stage, ATP and NADPH ultimately reduce carbon dioxide and other molecules. The recombinant strains can only produce limited amounts of glucose accompanied by the production of other sugars, suggesting that more detailed mechanisms of glucose metabolism in photoautotrophs remain to be disclosed23,24. Zhang, J. et al. Enzymatic assays revealed that both genes (glk1 and glk2) contributed to the glucokinase activity in PCC 7942, and their simultaneous knockout reduced glucokinase activity by about 70% in SZ3; as for the SZ14 strain with GalP transporter, glucokinase activity was even more significantly reduced by knocking out the two genes (in SZ17) to a lower level than that of SZ3 (Fig. As seen in the image below, electrons excited by light energy flow first through photosystem II (PSII), and then through photosystem I (PSI) as they create NADPH. This includes its chemical equation, key stages, final products, and different types. Cai, T. et al. By implementing multiple omics approaches combined with systematic genetic manipulations, we clarify the pathways and mutations leading to glucose synthesis and secretion and optimize the glucose synthesis performances of the recombinant strains. The processes of all organismsfrom bacteria to humansrequire energy. Environ. The sucrose secretion through CscB under non-hypersaline conditions was also observed for the wild-type background. Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 55 Electron transport and chemiosmosis Click the card to flip Flashcards Test Created by courtneyvu Terms in this set (55) Over tenfold higher glucose productivity (0.27g/L/OD730 versus 0.027g/L/OD730) was achieved without the introduction or overexpression of any catalytic enzymes in Synechococcus. 9a; Supplementary Fig. In comparison, without introducing heterologous transporters, a spontaneous mutation (Synpcc7942_1161-G274A) was generated and enriched during the long-term cultivation process and endowed the mutant strain with even better capacities for glucose synthesis and secretion. For structure C. To transfer nutrients D. All of the above, Biologydictionary.net Editors. Carbohydr Polym 252, 117022 (2021). Retrieved from https://biologydictionary.net/photosynthesis/. Legal. WebLight energy is converted to chemical energy during the first stage of photosynthesis, which involves a series of chemical reactions known as the light-dependent reactions. Starch is the condensed form of glucose that is thousands in number and it is found in the form of polymeric carbohydrate. Du, W., Liang, F., Duan, Y., Tan, X. Another photon detector near the sample was set up to measure the lower-energy photon that is emitted by the photosynthetic structure after it absorbed the second "heralded" photon of the original pair. 20). "There's a huge difference in intensity between a laser and sunlight -- a typical focused laser beam is a million times brighter than sunlight," said Li. Besides sugars and sugar-based molecules, oxygen is the other main product of photosynthesis. The reactions of photosynthesis occur in the chloroplasts of plants. PubMed CBB cycle CalvinBensonBassham cycle, TCA cycle tricarboxylic acid cycle, ED pathway EntnerDoudoroff pathway, FBP fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, Fbp fructose-1,6-bisphosphate I, Glpx fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase II/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase, Galu UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, F6P fructose-6-phosphate, UDP-Glc UDP-glucose, Suc-6-P sucrose-6-phosphate, G6P glucose-6-phosphate, G1P glucose-1-phosphate, Sps sucrose-phosphate synthase, Spp sucrose-phosphate phosphatase, Fk fructokinase, Glk glucokinase, E4P erythrose-4-phosphate, SBP sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate, S7P sedoheptulose-7-phosphate, GAP glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, R5P ribose 5-phosphate, Xu5P xylulose-5-phosphate, Ru5P ribulose-5-P, Ru15P ribulose-1,5-diphosphate, DHAP dihydroxyacetone phosphate, ADP-Glc adenosine diphosphate glucose, Pgm phosphoglucomutase, Pgi glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, 3PGA 3-phosphate-glycerate, 6PG 6-Phosphogluconic acid, KDPG 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate, PYR pyruvate, Glu15La Glucono-1,5-lactone, UDP-Gal UDP-Galactose, Gal Galactose, Gal-1P Galactose 1-phosphate, PEP phosphoenolpyruvate, AcCoA acetyl-CoA, CIT citrate, ICIT isocitrate, 2OG 2-oxoglutarate, SUC-CoA succinyl CoA, SUC succinate, FUM Fumarate, OAA Oxaloacetate, MAL Malate. 36, 430442 (2018). How photosynthesis and its light and dark reactions work The plant-biomass-sugar route dominates the current massive glucose supply, whose economic feasibility is influenced by multiple parameters, such as plant-cultivation cycles, biomass-collection radius, and pre-treatment costs8,9,10,11. Microbiology and molecular biology reviews: MMBR 76, 444495 (2012). The glucose accumulation rates gradually decreased with the decline in cell density. They do this using a process called photosynthesis. The direct products of the light reactions and the Calvin cycle are 3-phosphoglycerate and G3P, two different forms of a 3-carbon sugar molecule. WebThe products of photosynthesis are. Microbiol. The concentrations of most upstream metabolites generally decreased (by 88.3% for glucose-1-phosphate, 88.4% for glucose-6-phosphate, 69.9% for fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, and 97.7% for fructose-6-phosphate), except for UDP-glucose (2.93-fold increase). d Glucose production of SZ17 and SZ159 (SZ17-sps). ScienceDaily, 14 June 2023. All plasmids were transformed into PCC 7942 through the natural transformation. Biochemistry and evolution of anaerobic energy metabolism in eukaryotes. Google Scholar. The glucokinase deficiency resulted in intracellular accumulation of glucose, whereas the mechanisms facilitating subsequent secretion independent of heterologous transporters remained to be disclosed. EN Biology. Qiao, Y., Wang, W. & Lu, X. Appl. 79, 16681675 (2013). Light-dependent reactions (photosynthesis reaction) (article) That was still a question that needed to be answered in detail," said co-lead author Graham Fleming, a senior faculty scientist in the Biosciences Area at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and professor of chemistry at UC Berkeley. Chen, F. Z. et al. In phase two, this sugar is reduced into two stable 3-carbon sugar molecules. "It was new for people who study photosynthesis, because they don't normally use these tools, and it was new for people in quantum optics because we don't normally think about applying these techniques to complex biological systems," said Whaley, who is also a professor of chemical physics at UC Berkeley. Oesterhelt, C., Schmalzlin, E., Schmitt, J. M. & Lokstein, H. Regulation of photosynthesis in the unicellular acidophilic red alga Galdieria sulphuraria. Article Exploring the photosynthetic production capacity of sucrose by cyanobacteria. CAS Because they use light to manufacture their own food, they are called photoautotrophs (self-feeders using light). Although these genes have not been identified in PCC 7942, other phosphatases (alkaline phosphatase, Synpcc7942_1392; inorganic diphosphatase, Synpcc7942_1383; fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase II/sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase, Synpcc7942_0505; fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, Synpcc7942_2335; myo-inositol-monophosphatase, Synpcc7942_2582) might catalyze the reactions using glucose-1-phosphate or glucose-6-phosphate as non-specific substrates. Biotechnol Adv. Energy Env. Photosynthesis During each pulse, the first photon -- "the herald" -- was observed with a highly sensitive detector, which confirmed that the second photon was on its way to the assembled sample of light absorbing molecular structures taken from photosynthetic bacteria. All sample size n (biological replicates) in (b) is 3. Then, DNA fragments containing SNPs and SV were amplified from the genomic DNA and further verified by Sanger sequencing. Plants, algae, and a group of bacteria called cyanobacteria are the only organisms capable of performing photosynthesis. PubMed The declustering potentials were set to +60V (ESI+) and 60V (ESI), and the source temperature was 650C. The only exception was the overexpression of fructokinase, for which glucose secretion was decreased. A lizard sunning itself on a cold day can use the suns energy to warm up. The cyanobacterial ornithine-ammonia cycle involves an arginine dihydrolase. Characteristic mass signals from glucose were detected at m/z 204(M+0), 205(M+1), 206(M+2), and then were calculated based on the ratio of labeled metabolites to unlabeled, to analyze related intermediates and to detect the labeled ratio of glucose in cells per unit time. Most photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from d Overexpression effect of synpcc7942_1161 (SZ192) on glucose production of the SZ17 strain. In photosynthesis, energy from light is used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. So that's a very, very important point," said Whaley. In recent years, direct conversion of carbon dioxide into glucose, glucose precursors, and glucose polymers has been achieved by chemical-biochemical, electrochemical-biological, and in vitro cascade enzymatic routes14,15,16. Oxygen created from photosynthesis fuels every respiring organism on the planet. Moreover, glucose also serves as an important feedstock in the biorefinery industry, supporting the cultivation of multiple microbial cell factories for green biomanufacturing of fuels, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals5,6,7. Glucose metabolism possesses complex interactions with photosystems, disturbs the synthesis and metabolism of pigments, and might even inhibit the photosynthetic activities17,18,19; thus, free glucose is rarely synthesized or accumulated in excess in photosynthetic cellular metabolism. ISSN 2041-1723 (online). Google Scholar. 46, W200W204 (2018). Starts on Jun 28, 2023 12:30 PM. photosynthesis Establishing a synergetic carbon utilization mechanism for non-catabolic use of glucose in microbial synthesis of trehalose. Besides, we further evaluated and compared the stability of synpcc7942_1161 mRNA in JS155 and JS156 under the control of the Plac promoter, and no difference was found between the two versions of synpcc7942_1161 mRNA with or without the G274A mutation (Supplementary Fig. 5b). . If you're asked about photosynthesis on a test, you may be asked to identify the products of the reaction. WebPhotosynthesis provides organisms with oxygen, a gas that many living things need. Chen, X. et al. Ducat, D. C., Avelar-Rivas, J. While not considered part of the Calvin cycle, these products can be used to create a variety of sugars and structural molecules. Photosynthesis is the name given to the set of chemical reactions performed by plants to convert energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of sugar. . In addition, although cell growths and photosynthesis were not inhibited (Supplementary Fig. The RNA quality and concentration were analyzed using the Nanodrop ND-1000 system (Thermo Scientific, USA) and Agilent 2100 RAN NANO 6000 Assay kit (Agilent Technologies, CA, USA). & Chang, M. C. Enzyme mechanism as a kinetic control element for designing synthetic biofuel pathways. CNGBdb: China National GeneBank DataBase. Thus, it could be assumed that intracellular glucose synthesis may be continuously maintained in PCC 7942, whereas glucokinase was crucial to recycle glucose into the central metabolism network by a phosphorylation process, and this mechanism can potentially rescue the potential energy loss and metabolism disturbance caused by glucose secretion and accumulation. Some of these molecules can be used in other metabolic pathways, and are exported. photosynthesis In addition, several phosphorylated metabolites with decreased concentrations (ribulose-5-phosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, and erythrose-4-phosphate) are involved in the CBB cycle (Fig. The p values are (from left to right) 0.0029, 0.0026, 0.0011, 0.0049, <0.0001, 0.0017, <0.0001. Glucokinase activity was measured by a modified enzyme-linked assay3. The transformants were grown in 500mL LB medium containing 50g/mL kanamycin at 37C. Recombinant strains carrying an inactivated glucokinase gene (glk1 or glk2) were easily obtained, but homozygote with simultaneously inactivated glk1 and glk2 in WT was difficult to isolate. The in-plugged and rewired metabolic activities can disturb carbon distribution, co-factor supply, and redox balances of the native cellular metabolism, and are prone to stimulate the responses of the host cells on levels of physiology, metabolism, and even genetics46, which should be relieved through metabolic designs and engineering. Metab. All sample size n (biological replicates) is 3. Zhu, Y. et al. NCERT Based Questions- Photosynthesis NEET 2024. The maintenance of the sucrose metabolism cycle permitted the direct activity-regulation of ion concentrations on the enzymes, and the glucokinase activities could guarantee the rapid re-utilization of sugars (fructose and glucose) from hydrolyzed sucrose (activity of Inv would be reduced rather than completely removed by elevated ion concentrations). of photosynthesis Biologydictionary.net Editors. The products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen. Although the hydrogen atoms from the water molecules are used in the photosynthesis reactions, the oxygen molecules are released as oxygen gas (O 2 ). (This is good news for organisms like humans and plants that use oxygen to carry out cellular respiration!) WebIn plants, photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts, which contain the chlorophyll. The accumulation and secretion of these compatible sugar compounds (such as sucrose and trehalose) by cyanobacteria can be optimized through genetic manipulation20,21, and biotechnology application scenarios such as the development of artificial consortia are explored and expanded39,40. & Li, S. A historical perspective on the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis. Nat Commun 14, 3425 (2023). Based on published genome information of PCC 7942 (FACHB-805), types of mutations were characterized on the genome of SZ3 and SZ17 (Supplementary Table1), most of which were generated during the preservation and passages of the PCC 7942 strain in our laboratory and were previously identified through genome sequencing assays. Thank you for visiting nature.com. To get this energy, many organisms access stored energy by eating food. DOE/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Previously, GalP has proven to be effective for facilitating glucose absorption in PCC 794229,30, and here we use it to evaluate the impacts of glucokinase deficiency on the glucose consumption capacities of PCC 7942. The ion spray voltage was set to +5kV for the positive ionization mode (ESI+) and -5 kV for the negative mode (ESI-). In photosynthetic bacteria, the process takes place where chlorophyll or a related pigment is embedded in the plasma membrane. Unlocking the potentials of cyanobacterial photosynthesis for directly converting carbon dioxide into glucose, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39222-w. Get what matters in translational research, free to your inbox weekly. Extracellular glucose production and cell density of mutant strains calculated after a 1518 d cultivation. Chlorophyll in plant leaves converts carbon dioxide and water into the products glucose and oxygen. The Balanced Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis - ThoughtCo

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