Kilowatts and Calculations If you guessed that there are 1,000 megawatts in one gigawatt, you would be correct. A 1-kilowatt hour is called a unit. I would use them again if needed. We are a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Illinois Just Energy is not your utility and not associated with the government or any consumer group. Major energy production or consumption is often expressed as terawatt hours for a given period; often a calendar year or financial year. Maryland MD Supplier License #IR-639 #IR-737. And, when it comes to batteries, you can also convey the amount of energy they store in terms of amp hours (Ah). hours, Calculator: Kilowatt Hours to Watts Calculator. 1000 Watt to BTU Pre Hour Conversion - Unit Converter Online For more information email us a info@enerdynamics.com or call us at866.765.5432 x700. Im a DIY solar power enthusiast on a journey to learn how to solar power anything. Most electric bills are calculated monthly. The Power Grid Is a Top Climate Solution. Let's say it's 26.4 Wh. The higher the discharge current and temperature during charging and operation, the shorter the battery life. Quora - A place to share knowledge and better understand the The process was smooth and easy. How much electricity does 1000 watts use per hour? Understanding how to calculate your electricity bill empowers you to take control of your energy usage and expenses. What is a kWh and how much does electricity cost per kWh? you will multiply 100 watts by one hour. Wondering how long your electrical device will run on this battery? To convert kilowatt The average home in the U.S. consumed, 887 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity per month in 2019. , which breaks down to almost 30 kWh per day. [2] SNL Financial. For example, if you have a 60Ah battery rated at 1C, this means that it is capable of delivering 60 A of current continuously in 1 hour. For the former Australian theatre company, see, For additional examples of magnitude for multiples and submultiples of the watt, see, "Kilowatt" and "Kilowatts" redirect here. Both watts and kilowatts are SI units of power and are the most common units of power used. WebkWh to kW calculator KW to kilowatt-hours calculation. In that case, youll want to use gigawatts, which we use to measure how much power large power plants or several plants can generate together. Even more, Then, you must divide that number by the number of hours you used it. Most frequently, we use kilowatts to measure residential and commercial power. Calculate Electricity Bill Tell the EPA: Stronger vehicle pollution standards will save lives. Watts per hour (W/h) is a unit of a change of power per hour, i.e. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Providing global relocations solutions, storage and warehousing platforms and destruction plans. A television consuming 100 watts operating continuously for 10 hours uses one kilowatt-hour. For example, look at the image of Bajaj Immersion Rod Water Heater, as per technical specification it consumes 1kW power. For this conversion, multiply the energy used in kWh by 1,000 to find the energy consumption in watt-hours. Why is that? by 1,000 to find the energy consumption in watt-hours. Electricity Bill = Energy Charge (Number of units used * per unit charge) + Energy Duty + Surcharge + Fixed Charge. Different tariff structures can include flat rates, tiered rates, or time-of-use rates, Additional fees imposed by utility companies based on the peak level of electricity usage during a specific period. Two Other Ways To Calculate Your Electricity Costs. We use cookies to improve your experience. | Union of Concerned Scientists (2015). The term watt comes from, , an engineer, entrepreneur, craftsman, instrument maker, and scientist who is often r. eferred to as the father of the Industrial Revolution. WebElectricity usage consumption calculator. h) or joules (J). One unit of electricity is equal to one kilowatt-hour. Suppose youre looking for an even larger measurement unit. Here are a few of them-. Note down the voltage. Before we discuss kilowatts, lets take a second to talk about watts (W). Keep in mind that the prefix kilo means one thousand. They have lots of options for moving. Check out the Energy Savings marketplace where researching your energy options is easy, plus learn more about getting started on your path towards energy conservation today. How is Electricity Measured? | Union of Concerned Scientists of drive time, but even charging the Tesla twice is less than half the cost of one tank of gas. You may have thought about, 5 Ways to Reduce Electricity Bill at Home. You can easily calculate your electricity bill online on the official website of your electricity board. In 2012, the, total capacity of United States electricity generating plants, Youve likely noticed a pattern forming here. This tool, updated daily, shows how many people across the United States face risks right now from climate impacts. Look at the above table it consumes 1000 watts per hour (1 kW per hour). Natural gas is not an effective long-term climate strategy. One MW is 1,000 kW (or 1,000,000 Watts), and one GW is 1,000 MW (or 1,000,000,000 Watts). For other uses, see, "MWT" redirects here. Please keep in mind that the actual process may differ from one board to the next, but the steps will be similar. In this case, $0.43 x 30 days = $3.90. 1 GWh = 1,000 MWh. The energy E in kilowatt-hours (kWh) per day is equal to the power P in watts (W) times number of usage hours per day t divided by 1000 watts As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. You have entered an incorrect email address! The above electricity usage calculator is quick, free, and easy to use. The main reason for power consumption is, mostly you forget to switch off the heater after reaching the point. This page was last edited on 27 June 2023, at 15:55. As gas prices are going up, the cost to charge electric vehicles is going down. For example, a 50Ah battery can deliver a current of 1 amp for 50 hours or 5 amps for 10 hours. Demand and capacity are commonly measured in the following units: W = watt To convert kilowatt hours to watts, multiply kilowatt hours times 1000 then divide by hours. devices is usually measured in Watts, and the power consumption of larger devices is measured in kilowatts (kW), or 1,000 Watts. If you would like your entire house to continue operating, you will likely need to go larger. If we want to calculate how much energy in other words, how many watt-hours is stored in a battery, we need information about the electric charge in the battery. The energy choices we make today could make or break our ability to fight climate change. three digits, or three spaces, to the left. Now that you know how to use your newfound knowledge of kilowatts to save energy, you may be interested in learning about more ways to save on your electric bills. Watt - Wikipedia This trick makes it really easy to convert watts into kilowatts with some quick mental math. This is a very common question that people often ask over, Can you imagine not being able to call someone or use the internet for a while with such, A lot of people prefer postpaid connections to prepaid connections for a variety of reasons. A power station's annual energy output, however, would be recorded using units of energy (not power), typically gigawatt hours. All you have to do is go to your boards official website, find the Bill Calculator, fill in the details, and youre done. For example, a 15-watt LED light bulb draws 15 watts of electricity at any moment when turned on. Check out 31 similar tech and electronics calculators , Battery capacity calculator: advanced mode, Connect the battery to a constant current load, Do the same, but use a constant power load. Now that you know how to use your newfound knowledge of kilowatts to save energy, you may be interested in learning about more, where researching your energy options is easy, plus learn more about getting started on your path towards, Power Outages: What You Need to Know Before You're Affected, Everything You Need to Know to Prepare for Hurricane Season, Everything You Need to Know About Wind Energy, Kinetic Energy Defined (What You Need To Know! Then, youll divide by 1,000 to find the energy usage in kWh. 1 kilowatt hour is the amount of energy youd use if you kept a 1,000 watt appliance running for an hour. Kilowatt-hour - Wikipedia In this case, its 1500. The power grid makes modern life possiblebut its also holding us back. C-rate of the battery. Tesla has been around since 2003, but now that electric cars are becoming more common, theyre also becoming more affordable. Also Read: 5 Ways to Reduce Electricity Bill at Home. Heres the Formula to Convert Watts to Megawatts: For example, if you convert a 100-watt light bulb to megawatts, you will do the following calculation: Suppose youre looking for an even larger measurement unit. Hence, the water heater power consumption is equal to the product of heater on time in hours per day and the heater wattage P(W) in watts divided by 1000. Let's say your power bill says you consumed 18 kWh on a particular day. Buy a solar water heater, by the way, you can totally eliminate the electricity consumption of the water heater. John Victor - via Google, Very nice owner, extremely helpful and understanding Web(State-By-State Chart) 1000 watts per hour cost is incredibly easy to calculate. WebAn electric heater consuming 1,000 watts (1 kilowatt), and operating for one hour uses one kilowatt-hour of energy. Electricity Usage Per Year = (Watts / 1000) * Hours/Day * Days/Week * Weeks/Year = kWh/year. In that case, youll want to use gigawatts, which we use to measure how much power large power plants or several plants can generate together. Megawatts are used to measure the output of a power plant or the amount of electricity required by an entire city. Looking to upgrade to 30 series, will there be any bottlenecks? Plan in advance how many lights and decorations you'll need! In 2012, the total capacity of United States electricity generating plants was about 1,100 GW. You end up with 1.500, or 1.5. Watt-hours are like buckets, and watts are like buckets per hour. The water heater energy consumption formula can be written as, E(kWh-Heater) = Heater Watts x Operating Hours Per day / 1000, In such a way, per month power consumption is equal to the 30 times of the per day consumption, therefore the formula will be, E(kWh-Heater) = 30 x Heater Watts x Operating Hours Per day / 1000. How Many Kilowatts Should a Generator Be to Run a House? Since it takes 100 watts of power to work, convert the power in watts to kilowatt-hours. By familiarizing yourself with key terms, gathering accurate meter readings, and applying the appropriate rate structure, you can calculate your energy consumption and estimate your bill with confidence. Take a look at this example which explains how much it costs to charge a Tesla Model 3 at a home charging station: Smart meters automatically send your daily and hourly energy usage data to your utility companys central computer system. Heres What You Need To Know, Sound Energy: Everything You Need to Know About This, Moving to Illinois: All You Need to Know to Settle In, Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: Everything You Need to. ), What Is Natural Gas? Or: Do the same, but use a constant power load P. Calculate the capacity in watt-hours: Q = PT. All images licensed from Adobe Stock. Then, since there are three zeros in 1,000, which is the number youre dividing by, you will move the decimal point three digits, or three spaces, to the left. The US food system should be providing healthy, sustainable food for everyone. Solve the equation above using your light bulbs actual wattage and the actual average number of hours you use that light bulb per day. Instead, a kilowatt-hour measures the amount of time, or the amount of energy, it takes to use one kilowatt of power. Firstly, it is important to note that there is no specific formula to calculate the electricity bill. What Does One Kilowatt-Hour of Electrical Energy Cost? One kilowatt (kW) equals 1,000 watts, and one kilowatt-hour (kWh) is one hour of using electricity at a rate of 1,000 watts. Watt-hours are a measurement of energy, describing the total amount of electricity used over time. Something went wrong. Multiply the light bulbs watts by the average number of hours you use it daily instead of the one hour used in the formula above. Repeat this equation for all light bulbs, appliances, and other electrical devices in your home. It may get you. Servicing Northern California For Over 25 Years, Select The Service Your Interested InDocument ShreddingRecords ManagementPortable StorageMoving ServicesSelf StorageOffice MovingMoving Supplies. See your Terms and Conditions for more details on your natural gas supply rates. WebSuppose, a consumer consumes 1000 watts load per hour daily for one month. WebComplete list of energy units for conversion. - Quora. Similarly, capacity reflects the instantaneous ability to provide energy required to do work (such as generator capability to provide electricity, transmission capability to transmit electricity, etc.). This RAID calculator will help you decide which configuration of disks (RAID level) is right for you, based on usable capacity, fault-tolerance, performance, and cost. Note: Its important to check if your electricity meter measures energy in kilowatt-hours or a different unit. A century of sonar: Planetary oceanography, underwater noise monitoring, and the terminology of underwater sound. fuel oil equivalent @barrel (US) to joule, joule to fuel oil equivalent @barrel (US), 1 kilowatt-hour [kW*h] = 3600000 joule [J], 1 calorie (nutritional) = 4186.8 joule [J], 1 horsepower (metric) hour = 2647795.5 joule [J], 1 Btu (IT) [Btu (IT), Btu] = 1055.05585262 joule [J], 1 Btu (th) [Btu (th)] = 1054.3499999744 joule [J], 1 megaelectron-volt [MeV] = 1.6021766339999E-13 joule [J], 1 kiloelectron-volt [keV] = 1.6021766339999E-16 joule [J], 1 electron-volt [eV] = 1.6021766339999E-19 joule [J], 1 gigawatt-hour [GW*h] = 3600000000000 joule [J], 1 megawatt-hour [MW*h] = 3600000000 joule [J], 1 kilowatt-second [kW*s] = 1000 joule [J], 1 horsepower hour [hp*h] = 2684519.5368856 joule [J], 1 kilocalorie (IT) [kcal (IT)] = 4186.8 joule [J], 1 kilocalorie (th) [kcal (th)] = 4184 joule [J], 1 calorie (IT) [cal (IT), cal] = 4.1868 joule [J], 1 calorie (th) [cal (th)] = 4.184 joule [J], 1 mega Btu (IT) [MBtu (IT)] = 1055055852.62 joule [J], 1 ton-hour (refrigeration) = 12660670.23144 joule [J], 1 fuel oil equivalent @kiloliter = 40197627984.822 joule [J], 1 fuel oil equivalent @barrel (US) = 6383087908.3509 joule [J], 1 kiloton [kton] = 4184000000000 joule [J], 1 ton (explosives) = 4184000000 joule [J], 1 dyne centimeter [dyn*cm] = 1.0E-7 joule [J], 1 gram-force meter [gf*m] = 0.00980665 joule [J], 1 gram-force centimeter = 9.80665E-5 joule [J], 1 kilogram-force centimeter = 0.0980665 joule [J], 1 kilogram-force meter = 9.8066499997 joule [J], 1 kilopond meter [kp*m] = 9.8066499997 joule [J], 1 pound-force foot [lbf*ft] = 1.3558179483 joule [J], 1 pound-force inch [lbf*in] = 0.112984829 joule [J], 1 ounce-force inch [ozf*in] = 0.0070615518 joule [J], 1 foot-pound [ft*lbf] = 1.3558179483 joule [J], 1 inch-pound [in*lbf] = 0.112984829 joule [J], 1 inch-ounce [in*ozf] = 0.0070615518 joule [J], 1 poundal foot [pdl*ft] = 0.04214011 joule [J], 1 Hartree energy = 4.3597482E-18 joule [J], 1 Rydberg constant = 2.1798741E-18 joule [J]. Since the scientific unit of energy is measured in joules, you will often see your energy usage listed in joules on your electric bill. One gigawatt (GW) = 1,000 megawatts = 1 billion watts. Kilowatt hours are the units youll see on your electricity bill. British Association for the Advancement of Science, General Conference on Weights and Measures, International Bureau of Weights and Measures, "Bye-Bye Batteries: Radio Waves as a Low-Power Source", "Low-Power Real-Time Programmable DSP Development Platform for Digital Hearing Aids", ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings, "Appendix A | U.S. Commercial Nuclear Power Reactors", United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, "China's Shanxi to face 56 GW power shortage by yr-end paper", "Global Direct Primary Energy Consumption", "Construction of a Composite Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) Time Series from 1978 to present", "Satellite and Ocean Data Reveal Marked Increase in Earth's Heating Rate", "How Many? 1,000 watts per hour For example, if you know that your dishwasher uses 1.5kW, you would perform the equation below to find that your dishwasher is a 1500W appliance or requires 1500W of power to work. Then, since there are three zeros in 1,000, which is the number youre dividing by, you will. Help strengthen scientific integrity at federal agencies. by your light bulbs average daily kWh. One of his most notable accomplishments was around 1775, when he invented the Watt steam engine. . That is called a kilowatt-hour or a Unit. Using the latest electricity prices reported by the U.S. Energy Information Administration, a Choose Energy Rate Report was compiled. Felicia Hagler - via Google, In the middle of a big move and so far Jay Casey has been immensely helpful to us with all the details! Steps to calories calculator helps you to estimate the total amount to calories burned while walking. Note that the electricity consumption per day is lesser than the per hour consumption, it means, we are operating it for only 45 minutes. A kilowatt-hour is also denoted by kWH. This will estimate the electricity consumed by each appliance, your overall monthly energy consumption in kilowatt-hours, and the potential savings in energy consumption by substituting with energy efficient appliances. In extreme contrast, residents in Hawaii paid the most, with their average 2020 electricity rates coming in around 28.84 cents per kWh. What is Ayushman Bharat Health Account (Health ID), Complete Information Around Your ABHA Number (Health ID), A unit of measurement used to quantify the amount of electricity consumed. 1 GW = 1,000 MW. I used their packing and moving service the first time and the second time I packed everything and they moved it. The capacity of the battery tells us what the total amount of electrical energy generated by electrochemical reactions in the battery is. We measure that electrical power in kilowatts. Urge Congress to support climate resilient food & farms. Graphics card power consumption (w) is it per hour or per day or.. http://www.trustedreviews.com/reviews/amd-radeon-rx-570-performance-page-2, https://www.cryptocompare.com/mining/calculator/btc?HashingPower=1121&HashingUnit=GH%2Fs&PowerConsumption=229&CostPerkWh=0,05&MiningPoolFee=1. Discharge current. Mass times acceleration due to. They can also tell you how much energy a battery stores. Average household electric power consumption is 1.19kW in the US, 0.53kW in the UK. WebLearn More: Assam Electricity Bill Calculator, Per Unit Rate 2023-24. One kWh is one kilowatt generated or consumed for one hour. In this example, the energy consumption between the two meter readings is 250 kilowatt-hours. To give you a sense of the size of units, here are some typical values for demand, capacity, and usage in the electric industry: So, there you have it. In this example, we will take a standard 12 V battery. If you can convert watts to kWh, you can predict how much it might cost to run your various electrical appliances and devices. For instance, a 15-watt light bulb used for 2 hours creates 15 watts X 2 hours = 30 watt-hours of usage. You may be surprised to see how fast it all adds up. This trick makes it really easy to convert watts into kilowatts with some quick mental math. 8 kWh. Measuring electricity - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) Let us take one heater for example and we calculate the electricity consumption per day, per month and per year. you use each month. Watts to kWh conversion calculator - RapidTables.com It may be easier for you to remember that one kilowatt equals 1,000 watts of electrical power when thinking of the prefixs meaning. If you guessed that there are. If you wanted to convert watts into kilowatt-hours to find out how much energy your coffee maker consumes each day, you would multiply the power consumption in watts by the number of hours used. Dictionary of Acoustics. WebWhat is 1,000 watts in horsepower? Take charge of your energy expenses and pave the way for a more efficient and mindful approach to electricity consumption. In 2012, the total capacity of U.S. electricity generating plants was approximately 1,100 GW [2]. It uses the formula mentioned above: If you open the advanced mode of this battery capacity calculator, you can compute three other parameters of a battery. Input these numbers into their respective fields of the battery amp hour calculator. Featured image: 2023 Just Energy 5251 Westheimer Rd. Demand Congress invest in a clean energy future. . Watts are a measurement of power, describing the rate at which electricity is being used at a specific moment. Take a look at this example which explains how much it costs to charge a, and our current average electricity rate that were going to use is 13 cents per kWh, This means that your charging cost is equal to. Hard working, fast, and worth every penny! was compiled. Abbreviated: W = kWh 1000 hrs. This article has been adapted from an entry in Enerdynamics Energy Knowledgebase, which is an online resource of important terms and concepts explained simply and clearly. Note: Here we are talking about water immersion type heater, not the geyser. Groundbreaking science shows how oil and gas companies bear at least some responsibility for worsening forest fires. Then, youll divide by 1,000 to find the energy usage in kWh. Watt-hours are a combination of how fast the electricity is used (watts) and the length of time it is used (hours). They have a great system for tracking your belongings and a system for checking to make sure you got all of your belongings once you arrive at your destination. Why isnt it? A 2C battery would need just half an hour to load 100 Ah, while a 0.5C battery requires two hours. (2001). Web=1000 WH 3) What is Kilowatt-hour? Battery Capacity Calculator Power stations are rated using units of power, typically megawatts or gigawatts (for example, the Three Gorges Dam in China, is rated at approximately 22 gigawatts). Here, youll gain a better understanding of what kilowatts are, plus well cover things like what we measure in kilowatts, how we convert and calculate kilowatts, and how kilowatts differ from kilowatt-hours, megawatts, and gigawatts. All of these terms measure electrical power. The term watt comes from James Watt of Scotland, an engineer, entrepreneur, craftsman, instrument maker, and scientist who is often referred to as the father of the Industrial Revolution. If you wanted to convert watts into kilowatt-hours to find out how much energy your coffee maker consumes each day, you would multiply the power consumption in watts by the number of hours used. Driving older gasoline and diesel vehicles exposes people to a significant amount of harmful air pollution. Try to avoid heating the water under cold condition. How to Check Income Tax Refund Status Online? Anyone have experience with a Tillitis TKey? The Infuriating Link Between Wildfires and Fossil Fuel Companies. But different appliances use Powered by Invision Community. All of these terms measure electrical power. You see, a watt is the basic unit of measurement used for electrical power. In 2020, Idaho residents paid the lowest average electricity rates in the U.S. at 9.67 cents per kWh. How Do I Calculate the Consumption of an Electrical Appliance? Find the residential plan that is right for you! Note: Of course, how much electricity your house is using at any given moment can vary greatly. Our transportation system is outdated and brokenand it needs to change. For example, a 1C battery needs one hour at 100 A to load 100 Ah. WebA kilowatt-hour (kWh) is 1,000 Wh, so 400 kWh is 400,000 Wh. Add the whole number difference to the decimal difference to obtain the total kilowatt-hours used during the billing period. To measure a battery's capacity, use the following methods: Connect the battery to a constant current load I. These systems are labeled with a rating in kilowatts peak (kWp) so that consumers can compare the output capabilities and size of various photovoltaic panels. ($0.13 0.3 kWh = 43 cents per day. Youve likely noticed a pattern forming here. This technology provides real-time data allowing both parties an in-depth look into current usage habits, eliminating the need for meter readings. Heres how you can do it on the portals that offer this facility. Whether it is a conversation about power plants, customer demand, new technologies, regulatory issues, or marketprices, industry insiders will assume you understand units. How much electricity is consumed in 1,000 watts in one So I did the following: 0.08 kWh 1000 = 80 However, this is not actually the same as measuring the number of kilowatts you use per hour because power and energy are not the same. If the label on your device lists amps, you can, Kilowatt-peak (kWp) refers to the rate a system can generate energy during its peak performance, which is, when its working at its maximum capacity, . We usually measure this energy in watt-hours, which correspond to one watt of power sustained for one hour. Whew! Estimate how many hours per day you use that light bulb on average. This number can then be divided by 1000 to get the number of watts per hour, which in this case would be 1. Theyre the most dangerous invention the world has ever seen. 5 hours, assuming that you have a 12 V 200 Ah car battery and a charging rate is 0.2C. For example, a typical coal power plant is around 600 MW in size. Calculators You can calculate it as t = 1/C. Heres the Formula for Converting Kilowatts Into Watts: We use megawatts when measuring power on a much larger scale. Watt Hours How Technology Is Changing the Energy Industry, Tesla has been around since 2003, but now that electric cars are becoming more common, theyre also becoming more affordable. , you have to add three more zeros to your equation. Heres a step-by-step guide on how to determine the energy consumption between two meter readings and calculate the total kilowatt-hours used-, Lets take the previous meter reading to be 1500 kWh, Step 1: Current reading Previous reading = 1750 kWh 1500 kWh = 250 kWh. Now, heres where things can get a bit confusing. The energy E in kilowatt-hours (kWh) is equal to the power P in kilowatts (kW), times the time period t in hours (h): Just Energy Texas, LP d/b/a Just Energy, Texas P.O. Monitoring energy usage is crucial as it allows you to gain a clear understanding of how your habits and appliances impact your expenses. 1000 watt-hours equal 1 kilowatt-hour. Much like one kilowatt is equal to 1,000-watts of power, one kilowatt-hour is equivalent to, 1,000-watts, or joules, of energy use over one hour. We find the power in kilowatts P(kW) by dividing the power in watts P(W) by 1,000. Whats the Difference Between Watts and Amps? Kilowatt-hours are what show up on your electricity bill, describing how much electricity you have used. The unit symbol of British thermal unit per hour is Btu/h, or sometimes Measure the time T it takes to discharge the battery to a certain voltage. Choose the amount of energy stored in the battery. E (kWh-Heater) = 30 x Heater Watts x Operating Hours Per day / 1000. Smart meters allow consumers access to information on how, when, and where utilities are used, making it simple to make changes when necessary. To convert between these, you can use the following: 1 kW = 1,000 W Watts are the basic unit of power used to, measure electric, thermal, and mechanical power. While a watt per hour is a unit of rate of change of power with time[iii]), it is not correct to refer to a watt (or watt-hour) as a "watt per hour".[35]. It is the amount of power required to use an appliance of 1000 watt power rating for an hour. Morfey, C.L. You know it has a capacity of 100 amp hours. Enter the heater wattage, operating minutes per day and per unit rate. To estimate your monthly costs, you can follow these steps: Now that you know all about how to calculate the kWh of energy consumption you use, it might be interesting to compare your energy use to others in the United States.

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