[50] However, the larger towns have ethnic makeups that are closer to the national average. Cumbria was to go through a period of Irish-Scandinavian (Norse) settlement with the addition, from the late 9th century on, of the influx of more Brittonic Celts. An Excursion to the Lakes in Westmoreland and Cumberland, with a Tour through part of the Northern Counties in 1773 and 1774, 1776. [264], On 23 February 2007 the 17:15 Virgin Trains West Coast Pendolino train service from London Euston to Glasgow Central, was derailed by a defective set of points in the Grayrigg derailment. In the south, 'hillforts' have been identified at Skelmore Heads, Castle Head, Warton Crag and an enclosure at Urswick. [13] These sites were probably used across several thousands of years, not just during the Mesolithic. . [263], The 2006 Morecambe Bay helicopter crash had Cumbrian authorities on standby, especially the RNLI station in Barrow; the fatal air incident occurred on 27 December 2006, whilst transporting replacement crew between the Millom and Morecambe gas platforms. Cumbria returns six Members of Parliament to the House of Commons, representing the constituencies of Carlisle, Penrith & The Border, Workington, Copeland, Westmorland and Lonsdale and Barrow & Furness. Solnit (2002), p. 84, quoted by Thompson (2010), p. 177. On the second occasion, the Abbot of Furness Abbey went to meet Bruce in an attempt to bribe him into sparing his Abbey and its lands from destruction. Its largest settlement and county town is Carlisle and the only other major urban area is Barrow-in-Furness on the south-western tip of the county. [35] Hoards (two or more items) of deposited Bronze Age metalwork are rare in Cumbria, (notably at Ambleside, Hayton, Fell Lane, Kirkhead Cave, Skelmore Heads), for reasons that are still being discussed. The reign of Aethelfrith's rival, brother-in-law and successor, Edwin, saw Northumbrian power stretch as far as the 'Irish Sea Province' with the taking of the Isle of Man (c. 624) and Anglesey. This organisation fought for access and conservation. We are also home to part of the Yorkshire Dales National Park too. Cremated bones placed in food vessels was followed by a later practice of placement in collared or uncollared urns, although many burials had no urns involved at all. The proximity of the Lakes to Lancashire offered an outlet for fresh-air and exercise to the increasingly numerous factory workers and town-dwellers.[248]. Blencathra). Cumbria within England Overview [ edit] After the 'Kingmaker' went over to Henry VI's side in 1470, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, Edward IV's brother, received most of the Neville lands in Cumbria and Yorkshire, becoming Warden of the West March and Sheriff of Cumberland. 530-590), a descendant of Coel Hen. The subsequent attempt by King Richard to lessen the power in the north of the two families, (the Crown had few estates in the North to counterbalance those of the noble families), caused both Percies and Nevilles to back Henry Bolingbroke to become King Henry IV of England in 1399. People love to visit it due to the rural landscape. Cumbria is one of the most sparsely populated counties in the United Kingdom. Despite retaining nominal independence, Cartimandua and Venutius were loyal to the Romans and in return were offered protection by their Imperial neighbours. Dr Bill Rollinson, a Barrovian and leading historical geographer on Cumbria. [128] This 1061 incursion was the first of five such raids by Malcolm, a policy that alienated the English Northumbrians and made it harder to fight the Normans after the invasion of 1066. In fact, it is England's most north-western county! The two forces then moved up from the vicinity of Penrith to Carlisle, establishing the fort there in 72/73AD.[63]. Farington and Hearne toured the Lakes together, along with Beaumont, in 1777. It occupies portions of the historic counties of Cumberland, Lancashire, and Westmorland. Like the transition from Mesolithic to Neolithic, the transition from Neolithic to Early Bronze Age was gradual and continuity of sites is likely. On 2 June 2010, one of the worst mass shootings in British history occurred in West Cumbria. Most of modern-day Cumbria was a principality in the Kingdom of Scotland at the time of the Norman conquest of England in 1066 and thus was excluded from the Domesday Book survey of 1086. Edmund's victory was against the last Cumbrian king, known as Dunmail (possibly Dyfnwal III of Strathclyde), and, following the defeat, the area was ceded to Malcolm I, King of Scots, although it is probable that the southernmost areas around Furness, Cartmel and Kendal remained under English control. Shelley lived for three months in 1811 at Keswick, having been drawn to the Lakes by reading the early, "liberty and equality" Southey, only to find that Southey's views had changed and that the Lakes had been despoiled by "the manufacturers." At least one historian [94] believes that the core, strategically important, area of the Solway and the lower Eden valley, remained essentially 'Celtic', with Carlisle retaining its old Roman 'civitas' status under Northumbrian overlordship, occasionally visited by the King of Northumbria and bishops such as Cuthbert, and overseen by a 'praepositus' (English: 'reeve'), a kind of permanent official. The removal of access to the shoreline and insensitive planting of conifers, the swamping of the hamlet of Wythburn, and the building of new roads were not judged a success by some locals and visitors. A timber palisade has also been discovered at High Crosby near Carlisle. [16] There were at least three sieges of Carlisle fought between England and Scotland, and two further sieges during the Jacobite risings. Such is the delight of Morecambe Bay, Arnside and Silverdale have been declared an Area Of Outstanding Natural Beauty. But the financial consequences meant imposing harsh rents to pay for the system, and this caused resentment among the tenants, helping to weaken the authority of the barons. You can find lots more information about travelling to Cumbria here and getting around Cumbria here. Once again, our sources for what happened are extremely limited: the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, for example, barely mentions the north. The use of different coloured stones here is possibly linked to observations made at the times of equinoxes and solstices. The first to write a guidebook, pointing out Picturesque views from "stations" (places to station oneself), was Thomas West (A Guide to the Lakes of Cumberland, Westmorland and Lancashire, 1778), which remained in print for over fifty years. The Honour of Penrith was one of the areas of land granted to Alexander, and included, as well as the manor of Penrith, the manors of Castle Sowerby, Carlatton, Langwathby, Great Salkeld and Scotby. Border duties against the reivers, civil wars, attainders and the natural death-toll amongst heirs and heiresses, meant a weakening of aristocratic power in the North. Inhumations have been found at Risehow, and possibly at Butts Beck (crouched individuals in pits and ditches) as well as two very rare cemeteries with multiple individuals (only approximately 30 Iron Age cemeteries exist in Britain in total) at Nelson Square, Levens and at Crosby Garrett. The area is synonymous historically for being the centre of the spice trade in the UK. [218] The Guide ran to five editions during Wordsworth's lifetime and proved to be very popular. However, if you are looking for a more active holiday, this is also the place for you. Land around forts was appropriated for various uses parade grounds, annexes (as at Carlisle), land given to retired troops for farming use, mining operations (copper in the Lake District, lead and silver around Alston), and so on. From award-winning meat and cheeses to celebrated jams and relishes, Cumbria brings you the best and tastiest locally sourced and lovingly produced food and drink. Renewed resistance came from Scotland in the form of William Wallace in 1297, (with Carlisle Castle withstanding a siege yet again), and with Robert the Bruce supporting Edward in the ending of the Wallace rising (1305). [189], The Tudor regime had inherited Richard III's northern estates, and Elizabeth also put in place her own local gentry whenever the opportunity arose (such as the attainder of Francis Dacre in 1589, which put most of the Dacre lands in Cumbria into Crown hands until 1601 when the major baronies were purchased by the Howard family). Thirty serious and 58 minor injuries were reported and ultimately one person was killed. As a result, a number of spiced foods became local delicacies such as Cumberland Sausage and Grasmere gingerbread. Northwest possibility of direct influence from Irish Gaelic across Irish Sea via Whitehaven until 10th century, Celtic influence/kingdoms may have confirmed perception of difference between the northsouth. )[24], In the Early Bronze Age, evidence of greatly increased woodland clearing combined with cereal growing has been found in the pollen record for the North Cumbrian Plain, Solway Firth and the coastal areas. [117]), The evidence of the sculpture is unclear when it comes to influences. 5960. Rheged seems to have been one of these members of the Old North kingdoms that emerged during this period of intertribal warfare.[90]. Other regional specialities include Herdwick mutton and the salt-marsh raised lamb of the Cartmel peninsula.[65]. Cumberland, covers the former districts of Allerdale, Carlisle, and Copeland. Best Places to Visit in Umbria Italy: Orvieto. "[231] Another was Thomas Smith in the 1760s who (over)emphasised the wildness of the Lakes, rather than the pastoral, Arcadian view of Bellers. As mentioned above, Carlisle paid protection money in 1346 to David II while on his way to the Battle of Neville's Cross (men from Cumberland fought on the English side there). Wigton - Wikipedia Some of the stones have designs (spirals, circles, grooves and cup-marks) on them which may have indicated the presence of other monuments or gathering-places and/or signalled the trackways and other routes through the landscape, particularly through the river valleys to sources of food, to ritual gathering places, or to sources of axes. Other historians doubt this scenario, and see the situation as more of a Celtic 'survival' through the 200 years of Anglian Northumbrian rule, rather than a 'revival' based on "a wholly hypothetical process of later re-colonization" by Strathclyders in the 10th century. Cumbria or Cumberland may be best known for the Lake District but it is also famous for arts, culture and literature. Despite, or perhaps because of, the emergence of local chieftains and warbands, there are signs that the 5th and 6th centuries were not ones of economic strain in Cumbria (not more than usual, at least). [132] It is likely that this situation persisted for much of William's reign as well. Other railways in Cumbria are the Windermere Branch Line, most of the Furness Line and much of the Settle-Carlisle Railway. If complete relaxation is whats needed then jump off the treadmill, embrace the tranquillity and take in that pure mountain air. Here's what people are asking Google about Cumbria and Carlisle [157] The authorities in Carlisle complained that the city's defences were being neglected as a result. Fish and chips are one of the most popular dishes in Cumbria. Some believe that from a certain angle, the Long Meg monolith even resembles the profile of a witch. Turner (1989), pp. The real problem was not amongst the nobles and gentry, nor with recusants (there were relatively few of these in the 1597 count in the diocese of Carlisle compared with the number in Lancashire),[178] but with the people themselves, who had other things on their minds.[179]. Only the southern part of the county, (the Millom, Furness, and part, or all, of Cartmel peninsulas), known as the Manor of Hougun, that which included lands held by Earl Tostig, was included, and even that was only as annexes to the Yorkshire entry. Come and see sandstone cliffs, historic harbours and learn fascinating tales. [261] Local authorities were alerted by one of the gang members who contacted them on a mobile phone, but only one of the workers was rescued from the waters; partly because the phone call was unclear both on the extent and severity of the danger, and on their location. Cumbria is host to a number of festivals, including Kendal Calling (actually held in Penrith since 2009)[77][78] and Kendal Mountain Festival. The War in Afghanistan has so far claimed the lives of three Cumbrians (two men and one woman the UK's first female loss), whilst the War in Iraq has seen the deaths of two Cumbrian servicemen.[267]. Iron was also commercially exploited at this time and the wide expanses of Forest became prime hunting ground for the wealthy. In north Cumbria, the more prominent of the clans included the Grahams (also distributed on the Scottish side of the border), the Hetheringtons, the Carletons, the Crosers, the Armstrongs (also a strong clan in Liddesdale on the Scottish side), the Routledges, the Nobles, the Milburns, the Storeys, the Hodgsons, the Hardens, the Tailors, and the Bells.[169][170]. Formula One world champions Lewis Hamilton and Jenson Button both raced karts at Rowrah many times in the formative stages of their motor sport careers,[61] while other F1 drivers, past and present, to have competed there include Johnny Herbert, Anthony Davidson, Allan McNish, Ralph Firman, Paul di Resta and David Coulthard, who hailed from just over the nearby Anglo-Scottish border and regarded Rowrah as his home circuit, becoming Cumbria Kart Racing Club Champion in 1985 in succession to McNish (di Resta also taking the CKRC title subsequently).[62]. While there, he ordered the castle to be fortified and created "several tenures that would come to be regarded as baronies": William Meschin in Copeland (where William built Egremont Castle); Waltheof, son of Gospatrick in Allerdale; Forn, son of Sigulf, in Greystoke; Odard, the sheriff, in Wigton; Richard de Boivill in Kirklinton. [64], Apart from the Stanegate line, other forts existed along the Solway Coast at Beckfoot, Maryport, Burrow Walls (near to the present town of Workington) and Moresby (near to Whitehaven). "Wetland areas, whether open water or bog, were foci for beliefs and ritual practices alongside contemporary monuments, and it is, therefore, interesting to note there was a standing stone near Ehenside Tarn". 3. Sometimes, dry-stone walls were used instead of the bank. Carlisle was the seat of a 'centurio regionarius' (or 'district commissioner'), indicating its important status. Cumbria is one of the wildest and most beautiful places in Britain, home to the famous Lake District National Park and England's only proper mountain range. Bede reckoned that the decline of Northumbrian power dated from this year (685), but military set-backs were only part of the picture. Victoria and Albert Museum (1984), pp. Between c.1250BCE and c.800BCE, the climate deteriorated to the extent that, in Cumbria, upland areas and marginal areas of cultivation were no longer sustainable. Barrow were then promoted to the Conference Premier in 2007/08. He also confirmed the property and rights of the monks of Wetheral; and he established the Augustinian priory of Saint Mary at Carlisle, becoming, in 1133, Carlisle Cathedral when a new diocese was created. [95], King Edwin, according to the Historia Brittonum, was converted to Christianity by Rhun, son of Urien, around 628. Wordsworth's early radical political ideas led him to his second poetic innovation: the use of 'plain language' and having for his subject the 'common man', as represented by the Dales-folk, (rather than "kings and queens, lords and ladies or gods and goddesses" as was the case up to then). It is also bordered by Northumberland, County Durham, North Yorkshire, and Lancashire. [citation needed], On 8 January 2005, flooding caused massive disruption and damage across the north of the county, which was considered the worst flooding in living memory until the November 2009 Great Britain and Ireland floods. However, the Yorkist victories after the Battle of Towton saw the Nevilles making sure that MPs of Yorkist influence were returned at Carlisle and Appleby. Cumbria is famous due to the natural beauty. Also in 2001, Cumbria saw a devastating outbreak of foot-and-mouth which resulted in the killing of 10 million cattle and sheep across the UK; out of 2,000 cases nationwide, 843 were in Cumbria. [9], Evidence for the Early Mesolithic period in Cumbria is largely confined to finds in caves. The system of partible inheritance and the nobles permitting multiple tenancies, allowed them to muster forces, (commanded by local gentry in times of war or against the reivers). What is Cumbria famous for? There may also have been new fortlets at Wreay Hall and Barrock Fell, and possibly at Cummersdale, all south of Carlisle. "Indeed, the north-west, far from being a backward region of Britain in the late Iron Age, can be seen as progressive and entrepreneurial. [66] The response was to provide a frontier zone in the western sector of forts and milecastles, built of turf and timber (the "Turf Wall"), the standard construction method (although some have suggested it was because "turf and timber were preferred on the Solway plain, where stone is scarce"). Nevertheless, his "wider practical usefulness" made him influential. 15 Best Places to Visit in Cumbria (England) - The Crazy Tourist Happily the town is now completely restored and even more attractive than before. The exceptions, more colonised by the Northumbrian English than the rest of the Cumbrian region, were perhaps the following: a) the upper Eden valley; b) the area to the east of the western edge of Bernicia; c) the Cumbrian coast, probably settled from the sea; d) the south, which may have been subject to Wilfrid's attentions, and Cartmel which was given to Cuthbert. Again, there is continuity between Bronze-age and Neolithic practice of deposition. He and Dorothy's gardening work at Dove Cottage shows this in action. So, the illegitimate half-brother of William, Lord Dacre, Thomas Dacre, a royal supporter, received Lanercost Priory and its lands (excluding the church) in 1542. Wigton is at the centre of the Solway Plain, between the Caldbeck Fells and the Solway coast. Cumberland is presently part of the administrative county of Cumbria. [102] The bulk of what was to become Cumbria, south of the Eamont, seems to have been untouched by this movement of Brittonic peoples, although a case has been made that all of what was Cumberland, plus Low Furness and part of Cartmel, was under the control, directly or indirectly, of Strathclyde/Cumbria. King Arthur, Cunedda and Coel Hen are some of these figures. Over the course of a few days you can walk or cycle the entire route. As a consequence, throughout the 14th-century, there was an increase in the building of castles by the greater magnates, and in the building of fortified houses (peel towers, mostly built during c.13501600; semi-fortified houses, c.14001600; and bastle houses, mostly built c.15401640) by the lesser families. In the 1990s, human bones were found in Kents Bank Cavern (in the north Morecambe Bay area) which were in 2013 dated to the early Mesolithic, making the find "the most northerly early Mesolithic human remains in the British Isles". Built by the Romans in AD 122, the wall stretches almost 80 miles. The county council itself employs around 17,000 individuals, while the largest private employer in Cumbria, the Sellafield nuclear processing site, has a workforce of 10,000. [151] At the same time, brigandage by smaller groups became commonplace, leading to families having to fend for themselves by building peel (or pele) towers and bastle houses. It may be that local people were looking more to their own defence (perhaps influenced by Pelagian thought about self-salvation), as Roman authority waned (for example, taxation-gathering and payment to the troops gradually ceased). Thomas Pennant, a natural historian and antiquary, was more interested in the mines of Whitehaven than the Lakes (A Tour in Scotland, and voyage to the Hebrides, 1772); and Arthur Young more interested in the social and agricultural state of the area (A Six-months' tour through the North of England vol. The Lake District in Cumbria is famous for its stunning landscapes of lakes and fells and is the perfect place for family walks of all ages. Lake District, famous scenic region and national park in the administrative county of Cumbria, England. The Kingdom's centre was based, possibly, at Llwyfenydd, believed to be in the valley of the Lyvennet Beck, a tributary of the River Eden in east Cumbria, or, alternatively, at Carlisle. [97] But it seems that Cumbria was little more than a province at this time and, although Anglian influences were clearly seeping in, the region remained essentially British and retained its own client-kings. Indeed, he said, somewhat pointedly, that "forget all this, and what all the rest of the country calls "Lakeland" will turn moribund, dying slowly from the edges inwards to become in the end little more than a beautiful, embalmed corpse in a rotting coffin."[196]. Local 'kings', with successors, were continually being made and unmade in this intertribal warfare, and by the end of the 6th century some had gained a lot of power and had formed kingships over a larger area. It is a county of contrasts, with its mountainous central region and lakes, fertile coastal plains in the north and gently undulating hills in the south. It is likely that Malcolm succeeded in regaining the Cumberland part of Cumbria in 1061: in 1070 he used Cumberland as his base to attack Yorkshire. There does not seem to have been any rout caused as a result of battles with various tribes. [10] For the Late Mesolithic, evidence comes from pits at Monk Moors and burning of heathland in the Eden Valley floodplain. [260], On the evening of 5 February 2004, dozens of illegal Chinese workers were collecting cockles off the Cumbrian coast when rising tides led to 23 of them drowning in Morecambe Bay. Tributes have been paid to a popular footballer who died after apparently falling from a hotel balcony in Ibiza. Its largest settlement is Barrow-in-Furness. [258], In 2001, the South Cumbrian town of Barrow-in-Furness hit global headlines after an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease; the source of the bacteria was later found to be steam coming out of a badly-maintained air conditioning unit in the forum 28 media and arts centre; the disease killed seven people and in total there were 172 cases; it was one of the worst outbreaks of its kind in recorded history (the most deadly in the UK's history). 20 Fascinating Facts about Cumbria and the Lake District Cumbria Name Meaning & Cumbria Family History at Ancestry.com [116] (However, others argue that the place-name evidence points to the Scandinavians not just accepting the second-best land, but taking over Anglian vills as well. Cumbrian club cricket teams play in the North Lancashire and Cumbria League. For example, the Long Meg stone itself, which stands outside its accompanying circle, is aligned with the circle's centre on the point of the midwinter sunset. December events: Join . Raids from Scotland were frequent until the Acts of Union 1707[citation needed] and its long coastline was earlier vulnerable to Irish and Norse raids. After Carlisle (74,281), the largest settlements are Barrow-in-Furness (56,745), Kendal (29,593), and Whitehaven (23,986). Most of the population, the total size of which at its peak has been estimated at between 20,00030,000people,[50] lived in scattered communities, usually consisting of just a single family group. Earliest Anglo-Saxon settlements in the east of England. (Some historians, however, do not see the praepositus official as evidence of permanent, Celtic, occupation). Built on shipping and mining, both industries have now declined, but Whitehaven is never-the-less an attractive town and is one of the 40 Gem Towns in England (the only other in Cumbria being Cockermouth ). Since April 2023 the county has been governed by two unitary authorities, Westmorland and Furness and Cumberland.[2]. The influence of Roman history (for example, Hannibal and his elephants crossing the Alps); of painters such as Claude Lorraine, Nicolas Poussin and Salvator Rosa; of literary men such as Joseph Addison, Horace Walpole and Thomas Gray (the latter two travelling on the Grand Tour together until they fell out and parted company); as well as of the literary take-up of the myth of Arcadia (by Alexander Pope, among others), all fed into the greater appreciation of the rugged Alpine scenery around them. David I of Scotland, who was Prince of the Cumbrians (11131124), and Earl of Northampton and Huntingdon, had been King of Scots since 1124. Cross-border co-operation turned into cross-border warfare. However, given the increasing threat from English power, it seems that Strathclyde/Cumbria switched sides and joined with the Dublin Norse to fight the English king who was now in control of Danish Northumbria and presenting a threat to the flank of Cumbrian territory. [158], The Church was not immune to the raiding: the monks of Holm Cultram even built a fortified church nearby at Newton Arlosh. Just north of Esthwaite Water, Hawkshead is a pretty market village marked by a jumbled collection of stone houses, old arches and squares that enchanted both William Wordsworth - who went to school here - and later Beatrix Potter, who lived at Hill Top - a five-minute drive away at Sawrey. [17] Kendal, Keswick and Carlisle all became mill towns, with textiles, pencils and biscuits among the products manufactured in the region. If Turner and Constable took freedoms with what they saw in the Lake District, William Green, a surveyor from Manchester who went to live in Ambleside in 1800, decided to reproduce what he saw faithfully, like Farington. Between 1974 and 2023 Cumbria was administered by Cumbria County Council and six district councils: Allerdale, Barrow-in-Furness, Carlisle, Copeland, Eden, and South Lakeland. Renowned childrens author Beatrix Potter made the county her home. Location: Cumbria | The Tourist Trail [224][225], De Quincey moved into Dove Cottage in 1809 after having met his hero Wordsworth a couple of times before at Rydal Mount and then Allan Bank (Recollections of the Lake Poets, edited essays, 18341840). David died at Carlisle in 1153, a year after his son Henry. "[208], This criticism of the Classic, Arcadian, view of the Picturesque, aimed at a wealthy elite and promoting the building of villas and the landscaping of nature, had already begun in the 1790s, with writers such as Uvedale Price (Essays on the Picturesque, 1794). [30] Burials for inhumations (in barrows and cairns) are found on the surface, as at Oddendale, or in pits, usually with a cist formed in it, as at Moor Divock, Askham.

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