Bildhaan an International Journal of Somali Studies. 0 This sparked a retaliatory strike by government forces and a declaration of a state of emergency by Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed. 0000004562 00000 n To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. State and Societal Challenges in the Horn of Africa: Conflict and processes of state formation, reconfiguration and disintegration, Alexandra Magnolia Dias, Aleksi Ylnen, Manuel Joao Ramos, Patrick Ferras, Elsa Aim Gonzalez, Ana Casco, Sara Maher, Freddie Carver, Dr Bichok W Kot, Jedeit J. Riek, Discussing Conflict in Ethiopia, Conflict Management , International Institute of Social Studies (ISS), After the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in , Draft paper presented at the African Studies Association 56th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, November 2013, Dereje The cultural construction of state borders, Layer upon Layer: Understanding the Gambella Conflict Formation, The case study of Anuak-Nuer Conflict in Gambella Region of Ethiopia Prepared By, Regional Conflicts and International Engagement on the Horn of Africa, Ethnic Conflict, Interaction and Cohabitation in Africa: The Case of Nuer and Anuak ETHNIC CONFLICT, INTERACTION AND COHABITATION IN AFRICA: THE CASE OF NUER AND ANUAK, Ethiopians in the Twenty-First Century: The Structure and Transformation of the Population, Impact of Refugees on Hosting Communities in Ethiopia: A SOCIAL ANALYSIS, The Nuer Pastoralists : Between Large Scale Agriculture and Villagization by Thomas Graham The major causes of such armed ethnic conflicts in Africa continue to baffle both scholars and policymakers. However, being part of the development scheme of the federal state does not necessarily guarantee that this peripheral region will be integrated and brought closer to the political, cultural and economic core. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. The thesis has its starting point in Social Movement Theory, in order to explain the growth of Islamic radicalization and jihadi sentiments on Kenyan soil and the absence thereof in Ethiopia. These factors aid in the creation of an environment that is easily exploited by jihadist movements in their recruitment efforts. Millions more have fled to Sudan as . A policy recommendation to be concluded from this research is to acknowledge the nexus between two pastoral development approaches pastoral area development vs. pastoralism development so as to make them run in tandem without one excluding the other. However, Boko Haram which has taken mindless killings and destructions to a sickening level tops them all. Lisbon: CEA-IUL, 2013. The diplomatic mission follows criticism of the U.S. and the international community over its reaction to a conflict that has seen numerous accusations of war crimes. This article will show that ethnic conflict is bad and discuss factors that we have listed above, and close by giving solutions for stopping ethnic conflict. The answer is not far fetched. Finally, drawing on insights from Ethiopian history and examples of other civil war contexts, they will focus on possible ways out, if any, where the political leaders can commit to a cessation of hostilities and a peaceful political settlement. The ongoing process of the infrastructural unification of Ethiopia, through roads and other investments, has entailed a levelling of the ways of life of the Ethiopian peoples, in spite of their continued cultural diversity. 0000031178 00000 n Full Length Research Paper The post 1991 'inter-ethnic' conflicts in Ethiopia: An investigation Lubo Teferi Department of Law, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama, Oromia State, Ethiopia. Resource control is a hot issue which has refused to go away due to environmental degradation of the area and lack of real development in the Niger Delta which makes over 90% of federal revenue for running the economy of the nation. 0000002426 00000 n Democracy and Peace in the Horn of Africa, State and Societal Challenges in the Horn of Africa: Conflict and processes of state formation, reconfiguration and disintegration, Alexandra Magnolia Dias, Aleksi Ylnen, Manuel Joao Ramos, Patrick Ferras, Elsa Aim Gonzalez, Ana Casco, Changing Relations between Somalia and Ethiopia: Potential Risks on the Horizon, South African Institute of International Affairs, EPU Research Papers ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE, Assessment of Conflict Dynamics in Somali National Regional State of Ethiopia, From Marginalization to Radicalization -- a Social Movement Theory Approach to Understanding Radicalization Among Muslims in Kenya and Ethiopia, State and Politics in Ethiopia's Somali Region Since 1991, Weaknesses of Ethnic Federalism in Ethiopia, The Ethiopian Somali Dynamic Bearings of a Simmering Statutory Crisis, Federalism in Africa: The Case of Ethnic-Based Federalism in Ethiopia (Wondwosen Teshome and Jan Zahorik), Conflict Management in the Ethiopian Multi-national Federation: A Critical Examination, Recognizing Diversity as a Tool for Unity in Ethiopia: Challenges & Opportunities MA Thesis, Quest for Ethnic Identity and Autonomy in Ethiopia, UNiteD StateS iNStitUte of PeaCe Political Violence and Democratic Uncertainty in ethiopia, 2012 Academic Journals The post 1991 'inter-ethnic' conflicts in Ethiopia: An investigation, Why Silence? Because of strong religious and ethnic hostility, some nationalist believe that amalgamation was a mistake and that Nigeria is a mere geographical expression. From the beginning the main actors of the conflict in the region includes armed clans, clan elders, local administrative, ONLF force, WSLF force, OLF force, regional polices, and federal military. London: Hurst: 15-62. Ethiopia's Armed conflict in Tigray: causes, consequences and possible ways out. During EPRDF, the country's government structure, political economy, social and cultural questions, and solutions have been orientated by ethnic, religious, and other identities difference. 638 0 obj 76 Pages Corruption and unqualified leaders cause ethnic conflict in Nigeria. We should all condemn this extreme stance but the cause is partly due to marginalization of some ethnic groups in the country and wish for more development from the center. March 23, 2023 What are the causes of social conflict in Nigeria? It should go further to stamp out marginalization of ethnic groups and start constitutional reforms to stop IPOBs separatist agenda. Aiming at moving away from the strongly polarized accounts of the war, the panelists will address the reasons why the armed conflict erupted. As the war with the T.P.L.F. The theoretical ground of the study was the instrumentalist, Ethnic conflicts are not new phenomena. State and Societal Challenges in the Horn of Africa. In: Mulugeta Gebrehiwot Berhe (ed. Ethiopia has not, however, experienced near as much religiously motivated terrorism, and reports of Ethiopian individuals being radicalized, or joining movements such as al-Shabaab, are few and far in between. The theoretical ground of this study claims that the conflict in Somali region is a clash between conflict actors over scarce resources and political power. After these conflicts, a compromise allowed states with large Muslim populations to set up Islamic courts but limit the use of Sharia to inheritance and family law. June 24, 2023, Backgrounder The issue of land and access to land is currently playing a major role in. Religion and Foreign Policy Webinars, Explainer Video Conflict is still prevalent at the lower level especially in those regional administrations where multiple ethno-linguistic groups are found. Read Also:The Causes and Effects of Kidnapping in Nigeria. <>stream 0000002932 00000 n June 23, 2023, Religion and Foreign Policy Webinar: Religion and Technology, Virtual Event [More than 140,000 readers get one of The Conversations informative newsletters. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 0000002011 00000 n Ethnic conflicts are not new phenomena. As prime minister, Abiy began limiting the economic dominance of the TPLF and instituting more centralized federal policies. Former U.S. President Donald Trump cut aid to Ethiopia in September 2020, with officials in his administration saying the country had not abided by its promise to resolve the dispute. <<983E83E36EAAB2110A0050ED7AC6FE7F>]/Prev 318368>> The conflict has already resulted in tens of thousands of refugees moving across the border to Sudan. The power of regional states to provide contextual local decisions is minimal. Long rule by the military in Nigeria put military psyche into Nigerians. assassination attempt on Abiy in June 2018, embolden terrorist organizations such as Al-Shabab, more than 80 ethnic groups, and potentially leading to the breakup, announced sanctions against all sides in the conflict, remove Ethiopia from a U.S. trade program, cut aid to Ethiopia in September 2020, with officials in his administration saying the country had not abided, closer military and trade ties with Russia, Research Fellow: Ecosystems in the Global Biodiversity Framework. . The Legacy of Power Sharing in Kenya: Literature Challenges and Research Agenda's Invisibilities, From Isolation to Integration: The Borderlands of the Horn of Africa. The purpose here is to develop such an understanding and look for critical answers to the genuine causes of under-development in the region. In the general context, the Somali region conflict dynamics can be affected in the future by Oil and minerals extraction potential of the region, land resource and ownership, inequities in levels of development between and within regions of the country, Woreda or administrative distributions among the Somali-clans, political power division, and regional volatile political issues. In deed, ethnic conflict currently is not only the problem of a certain country but a global issue. Over the last few years, intra-ethnic conflicts have intensified. Michelsen Institute). Critics argue that any disintegration of Ethiopia would strengthen Egypts position in negotiations over the dam. Your email address will not be published. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. The colonialist did it for administrative convenience though they were incompatible neighbors. Declaring the TPLF a terrorist organization was likely a misguided policy by Abiy, and this could be rescinded as a gesture of goodwill. This article discussed some of the causes of ethnic conflict in Nigeria. trailer Asnake Kefale(Addis Ababa University),Ren Lefort(independent writer/author on Ethiopia) andLovise Aalen(Chr. endobj Since Nigeria is a circular state, it should not have considered imposition of Islamic Sharia law on non-Muslims. The house of Assembly should amend the constitution to deal with the following issues. The absence of consensus regarding ethnic federalism results from contradictions that date back to the formation of the modern state in the nineteenth century and have become active since 1991. Dias, A.M. (ed). Ethnic conflict - Weak States, Ethnic Geography, and Exclusionary Among the major causes of conflict, it is possible to mention such factors as a breakdown of governmental structures, increased pressure over natural resources (e.g. Such conflicts have existed all over the world for centuries, but in the last 20 years, after the fall of Communism, they are in the focus of public attention, The root causes of ethnic conflict in Africa are poorly understood. Causes and Impacts of Internal Displacement in Ethiopia There is a risk of an all-out civil war engulfing Ethiopias population of 110 million. Across Kenyas northern border lies Ethiopia; a country with many similarities to Kenya in terms of religious demography, historical religious power relations, a long border with an instable Somalia and a significant presence of conservative factions of Islam stemming from the Arabian Peninsula. Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures, Backgrounder <>>> h\T}:%4J0iE~,Fhzq*PjWJ%WrKTSO ?/;E-*V"dl[|GI2ib(/K({=K2UK0 kr&d'(,A]tq|5n|q+n} Moreover, ethnic conflict is a contested area of study in the studies of politics, many theories have been proposed to explain what the root causes of ethnic conflict are. Yet Egypt, which sees the dam as a threat to its freshwater supplies, has said the dam reservoir should not be filled without a legal agreement about allocation of the Blue Niles water. 0000006360 00000 n The content on the InfoGuide Nigeria is provided as general information only. grazing land) and . Here are ten to watch. It is wonderful summary of analysis on causes and effects of ethnics conflict. Ethiopians suspect that U.S. foreign policy is being influenced in part by Washingtons support for Egyptian president Abdul Fattah al-Sisi in a dispute over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, an enormous hydroelectric power project on the Blue Nile that Ethiopia says it needs for a reliable electrical grid and economic development.