(2019) 2:12835. In Modern techniques of Rice crop production. Malays J Nutr. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.03.008, 16. (2017) 66:7383. The sensory characteristics of the developed value added-products are presented in Table 3. 2. A reduction of 51% in the fat content was found after roasting of products (46). The more rapidly digestible starch in papad can be due to frying of papad. Xi P., Liu R.H. Nutr. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. The major nutritional difference between the two grains is their amino acid profiles: While quinoa is a complete protein, millet is not. Roasting is a relatively dry thermal process that hinders gelatinization of starch during processing and may result in decreasing starch digestion rate (58). All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and graphs were plotted using GraphPad Prism (Graphpad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). Avocados are a popular fruit, but are they good for people with diabetes to include in their diet? This doesnt only apply to people living with diabetes, but to everyone. There was strong evidence suggesting that increased consumption of whole grains, as opposed to individually isolated nutrients or supplementations, are associated with reduced risk of developing T2DM [6]. (1994) 45:97102. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): Prospective observational study. Helpful in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes in humans due to a low glycemic index. Drug Targets. The highest resistant starch in bar can be attributed to the fact that Millet bar was prepared with roasting, which is one of the efficient ways to retain it in millets (58). They contain high concentrations of macro and micronutrients such as proteins, dietary fiber, carbohydrates, phytochemicals and vital amino acids (10, 11). Since diabetes affects blood sugar, theres a belief that people with diabetes cant eat sugar or carbohydrates like millet. The residue was cleaned with hot water until it was acid-free. ), 2Key Laboratory of Plant Protein and Grain Processing, National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; moc.361@niy_gnayiur (R.Y. 8600 Rockville Pike The slowest in vitro starch digestion rate at the end of 180min of digestion was seen in bar (51.5%). These small grains are naturally gluten-free, high in fiber and low in glycemic index. Fatima, Z, and Rao, A. Received: 17 January 2023; Accepted: 28 March 2023; Published: 17 April 2023. For moisture determination, 5g of sample was weighed and placed in pre-weighed china crucibles in a hot air oven at 105C for 8h to dry to a constant weight. Then the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR, FBG FINS/22.5) and insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IS, 1/HOMA-IR) were calculated according to Homeostasis Model Assessment respectively [23]. The highest iron content was found in sattu (4.210.04mg/100g), whereas the highest zinc and calcium contents were observed in vegetable dalia (3.160.07mg/100g) and kheer (157.810.28mg/100g), respectively. a,b Data with the different superscript letters in the same row differ significantly (p < 0.05); Differences between two subgroups were examined using Bonferronis post-hoc test. The results showed that those who ate 1 or more servings of whole grains per day had a 29% lower rate of type 2 diabetes than the participants who ate less than 1 serving per month. Twenty-one main foxtail millet cultivars in China were evaluated for the drought resistance by measuring their main agronomic traits and photosynthetic indicators under the condition of drought stress and normal irrigation. (1985) 180:42231. Millet has a hearty nature, which helps it survive in dry climates. Kam J, et al. Agric Water Manag. Inclusion of these foods in the diets of the population may help in the prevention of malnutrition and type 2 diabetes. The samples were heated to 550C in a muffle furnace for 4h. After cooling in a desiccator, the crucible residue was weighed again. Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safety. Harreiter J., Kautzkywiller A. Introduction Diabetes mellitus is also known as diabetes, a group of metabolic disorders which are characterized by high blood sugar level (hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period of time. These nutrients play a central role in the world nutritional security. Meanwhile, the concentrations of TNF- at week 6 were also lower than that at week 0 (by 1.4 6.0 pg/mL). In vitro starch digestibility, degree of gelatinization and estimated glycemic index of foxtail millet-derived products: Effect of freezing and frozen storage. Foxtail Millet - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Endocr. (2022) 12:16. They can be used in both traditional and innovative foods. and Y.Z. Sajilata, MG, Singhal, RS, and Kulkarni, PR. The iron, zinc and calcium content of the developed products ranged from 3.030.04 to 4.210.04, 1.370.08 to 3.160.07, and 53.300.16 to 157.810.28mg/100g, respectively, with the corresponding values of 0.970.07 to 4.070.02, 0.50.07 to 1.890.04 and 10.600.18 to 110.570.33mg/100g, in the traditional cereal based products. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted doi: 10.15406/mojph.2020.09.00318, 17. 1. Most of the studies done examined the foxtail variety. Glycemic index of the RTC flakes was analysed among 10 non diabetic, sedentary and normal women Millets in general are proved to possess low Glycemic Suitability of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) and Barnyard Millet The sensory variables, including color, appearance, texture, taste and flour of rusk, sattu and papad, were found to be comparable with their control counterparts, while, other products obtained a lower score for these variables. A single oz of whole grains is equivalent to one of the following: People with diabetes may benefit from adding millets to their diet. McSweeney, MB, Seetharaman, K, Ramdath, DD, and Duizer, LM. J Cereal Sci. The increase in crude protein content of the developed products in comparison to control is shown in Figure 3. Preparation and nutritional quality of sorghum papads. If youve never prepared millet, here are a few simple, healthy recipes to add variety to your plate: Some people living with diabetes can effectively manage their blood sugar with diet, exercise, and medication. doi: 10.1155/2018/4186050, 45. The fat content of the developed products was found in the range of 3.000.16 to 30.450.17g/100g with maximum content in pinni (30.450.17g/100g), while the minimum was found in sattu (3.000.16g/100g). As a result, the body cant properly process foods for energy. Although the evidence isn't firm on all types of millet, it does suggest that this grain does raise blood sugar more slowly and steadily than white-grain products. doi: 10.1094/CCHEM.1997.74.6.846, 65. 37. Resistant starch and non-resistant (solubilized) starch were analyzed and the total amount of starch was determined by the addition of these two components. Foxtail millet is rich in phytochemicals, including oil. Benefits of quinoa, buckwheat and amaranth. A person can use millets to make a range of different foods, including: They can use millet instead of oats in almost any recipe that calls for oats. Of course, more research is needed to confirm this hypothesis. WebThe development of low glycemic index cookie bars from foxtail millet ( Setaria italica ), arrowroot ( Maranta arundinacea) flour, and kidney beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) J Food Sci Bring to a boil and simmer for 16 minutes. Millets have a huge potential to work as alternative grains for ensuring food and nutritional security in most parts of the world, due to their high concentrations of micronutrients, dietary fiber, vitamins, and phytochemicals with diverse therapeutic applications (12). Ritchie, H, Reay, DS, and Higgins, P. Quantifying, projecting, and addressing India's hidden hunger. The quality as well as quantity of dietary fiber and resistant starch in the millet grain is better than the other cereals. Millet-Based Value-Added Food Products for Diabetics However, there are still no clinical researches regarding the glucose-lowering effect of foxtail millet. After overnight fasting, blood samples were collected at 8:00 a.m.9:30 a.m. at week 0, 6 and 12, respectively. Kazi, T, and Auti, SG. B The millet bar and sattu had the lowest glycemic index, which can be due to their higher resistant starch and higher dietary fiber content. On the other hand, foods with a higher GI value digest faster and can thus quickly raise blood sugar. It was rinsed in hot water once again. Thus, the high amount of unsaturated fatty acid in foxtail millet, especially linolenic acid (C18:2, account for 56.0%) and linoleic acid (C18:1, account for 21.0%), might be the primary contributor to increase of HDL-C and apolipoprotein A1 in IGT subjects. It helps us to keep our body strong and immune. doi: 10.47552/ijam.v12i3.2074, 31. In addition, there was a 9.9% decrease in the participants mean 2-hour (h) glucose levels. People with diabetes can eat millets as part of a healthful, balanced diet. It contains essential minerals like Iron, Calcium, Manganese, Magnesium, and Phosphorous. Foxtail millet was used to create an unfortified weaning mix with acceptable sensory and rheological properties (19), a composite bread having low glycemic index (20), ready-to-eat extruded snack (21), biscuits and burfi with low glycemic index (22), and beverages with high anti-oxidant activity (23). Jeong, MS, Ko, JY, Song, SB, Lee, JS, Jung, TW, Yoon, YH, et al. In 2008, experts produced tables allowing people to compare the GI value of various foods, but work is ongoing to refine these tables. All rights reserved. Singh, P, Vyas, H, Vasava, A, Vasani, D, and Patil, S. Standardization and sensory evaluation of Sattu-Mantha: A traditional energy drink. It has been reported that watermelon and high-fat ice cream have glycemic index of 72 and 37, respectively, whereas both were found to have same glycemic load of 4, which was attributed to high moisture content of watermelon that led to lesser available carbohydrate leading to a lower glycemic load (60). Sodium hydroxide) before the pH was set to 6 (25ml of 0.2M sodium acetate buffer) before adding 5ml of pancreatin (Sigma P1750 from porcine pancreas; 2mg per ml of acetate buffer) and amyloglucosidase (Sigma A- 7420 from Aspergillus niger; 28U per ml of acetate buffer). Stratton I.M., Adler A.I., Neil H.A.W., Matthews D.R., Manley S.E., Cull C.A., Hadden D., Turner R.C., Holman R.R. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists (2002). Foxtail millet is rich in phytochemicals, including oil. (n.d.). Abrol, IP. Haque, EU, Afzaal, S, Hayat, A, Murtaza, MA, Din, A, Ali, SW, et al. Then FBG and 2 h-glucose kept stable until the end of 12 weeks of intervention. Li, C, and Hu, Y. The protective role of millets against hyperglycemia by replacing rice-based dosa with Foxtail millet dosa for people with type 2 diabetes was demonstrated by switching from a meal made of rice to one made of millet, which decreased postprandial blood glucose levels in T2DM patients (63). Girish, C, Meena, RK, Mahima, D, and Mamta, K. Nutritional properties of minor millets: Neglected cereals with potentials to combat malnutrition. However, there were no significant difference of FINS, fructosamine, and 2 h-insulin concentrations during the intervention period (all p > 0.05). The products were scored numerically by 38 semi-trained panelists. The sex-dependent difference in glucose-lowering effect of foxtail millet was analyzed based on three representative indices of glucose metabolism: FBG, 2 h-glucose and HOMA-IR. ChiCTR-OON-16008603). Can diet help improve depression symptoms? You can: Frontiers in Plant Science: "Dietary interventions for type 2 diabetes: How millet comes to help. (2022) 8:1253. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.793414, 60. A1C is a measurement of your average blood sugar level over 3 months. Nutritional composition of the value added products. Each participant ate 50 grams (g) of foxtail millet per day baked into bread. The Glucose-Lowering Effect of Foxtail Millet in Subjects (2020) 108:106071. doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106071, Keywords: foxtail millet, value-added products, protein, resistant starch, predicted glycemic index, Citation: Arora L, Aggarwal R, Dhaliwal I, Gupta OP and Kaushik P (2023) Assessment of sensory and nutritional attributes of foxtail millet-based food products. Foxtail millet is high in carbohydrates. Development of foxtail millet- based food products, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1146545, http://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code=IND&lang=en, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Official Methods of Analysis. SDS%=percentage of starch digested at 120min percentage of starch digested at 15min. The average of body fat mass decline from 22.1 7.1 kg to 21.1 6.2 kg, which seems in line with the overall change in body weight from initially 69.1 11.6 kg to finally 68.2 11.2 kg. Assessment of sensory and nutritional attributes of foxtail The significant decrease of body weight, BMI and obesity degree of enrolled subjects in this study indicated that there has been a negative energy balance over the study period. All assays and procedures were performed according to the manufacturers instructions. Why do millets have slower starch and protein digestibility than other cereals? Kheer prepared from Foxtail millet also had high fiber and calcium contents, which can be useful for osteoporosis and can be consumed as a healthy snack. In addition, animal experiment also showed that feeding of foxtail millet improved insulin sensitivity and cholesterol metabolism in genetically type 2 diabetic mice [16]. Drying, packaging and storage of papads-a review. See additional information. (2012) 5:14659. Also as mentioned earlier, the methodological difficulties to find a suitable placebo make it unfeasible to conducting a randomized clinical trial. This cereal also has a low glycemic index (GI), meaning that its unlikely to spike your blood sugar levels (8, 21). Millet is actually a group of grasses with small seeds grown mainly in Asia and Africa. Of course, we could not deny the fact that positive changes observed and attributed to the glucose lowering effect of foxtail millet were one of the results of weight loss. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/10/1509/s1, Table S1: The overall nutrient supply and level of physical activity of subjects. Substitute millet flour instead of white or wheat flour in baked goods like bread, cake, or biscuits, or in pancake mix. The procured seeds were cleaned to remove any impurity and the samples were stored in air-tight containers for nutritional analysis and product development (Figure 1). MOJ Public Health. The researchers suggest that the glucose-lowering effects of foxtail millet may be due to its composition, being high in protein and fiber. Millets are annual warm-weather cereals with small grains attached to grass. Millets have a lower glycemic index (GI) than wheat, rice, and barley, making them an ideal food for people with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) (62).

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